[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr. Menand points out, become a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.
[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess. But most find it difficult to agree on what a "general education" should look like. At Harvard, Mr. Menand notes, "The great books are read because they have been read"-they form a sort of social glue.
[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor's degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of thesis-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.
[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.
[E] Besides professionalising the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr. Menand, is that "the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialisation are transmissible but not transferable." So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.
[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr. Menand, is to alter the way in which "the producers of knowledge are produced". Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticise. "Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic." Yet quite how that happens, Mr. Menand does not say.
[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captures it skillfully.
G → 41. → 42. →E → 43. → 44. →45.
【解题步骤】
1.精读首段：
G段，出现了关键词The difficulty of a police captain，说明本篇文章是"提出问题-分析问题-解决问题"型。（意见：G段中，并没有出现 上述的关键词）
2.通读段首尾，模块组合+位置预知。
根据上述的八大方法，找出各个段落段首/尾的关联词，具体分布为：
[A] Not surprisingly
[B] His concern
[C] Equally unsurprisingly
[D] One reason, such courses…. be kept separate
[E] this separation
[F] The key to
其次，F选项中出现了The key to是在"解决问题"，大致定位应该在最后两个空的某个，同样，B选项中出现了concern，属于提出问题，根据逻辑排序，也应该排最后两个空的某个。所以初步的填写是：
G→ 41. B → 42. → E→ 43. → 44. F → 45. F
另外，A选项中出现了Not surprisingly，C中出现了Equally unsurprisingly，所以顺序是A>C. D选项中出现了reason是在分析问题，可以放在中间三个。因此目前的顺序是：
G→ 41. B → 42. → E→ 43. → 44. F → 45. F
D D D
A> C
3.精确定位
根据A和C选项的顺序，二者不能分开，所以只能放在43和44，D只能放在42，所以正确的顺序是：
G→ 41. B → 42. D → E→ 43. A → 44. C → 45. F
二、炙热题型--完型填句（段）考前得分要领
【解题步骤】
第一步：找出各选项的关联词
第二步：将代词后面指代的内容还原回文章，进行匹配。
【解题技巧】
第一，选项中出现时间年代时，往往要注意与原文中年代的前后对应关系。
第二，选项中出现代词时，该选项往往不能放在首句，要能分辨出该代词所指的内容：it可指代前面的单数名词或整个句子；they或them指代前面的复数名词；one指代前面的单数可数名词；that指代前面的不可数名词或句子；this指代前面的单数名词或句子。
第三，将选项与原文对比时，与原文重复或同义改写的字越多的往往就是正确选项。
第四，做完型填句（段）题时不用按顺序做，先做简单的后做难的，注意寻找上下文中的关键信息。
【例题】2013年
The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.
Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today's global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.
(42)____This is a shame-the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.
Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords "environmental changed" or "climate change" have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____.
When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community's work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.
The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today's economic climate.
The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.
[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.
[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these Keywords.
[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.
[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.
[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.
[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.
【解题步骤】
1. 找选项关键词
[A] two communities: one that is …and one that is …
[B] the numbers, 2010, these Keywords.
[C] the idea is, integrate their work
[D] the solution
[E] These issues, Stemming climate change, for example ,
[F] these factors, such problems .
[G]funds, 4% to 25%; 15%.
2. 关键词匹配文章
[B] the numbers ,2010, these Keywords.匹配到43空前的number和Keywords.
[C] the idea is,integrate their work匹配到45空前的idea和collaborate
[E] These issues, Stemming climate change , for example。利用for example可以匹配到41空前的原词，these issues可以匹配到including后面的许多因素。
[F] these factors, such problems. 利用such problems匹配到42空前的problems，these factors匹配到前面的冒号后的内容。
[G] funds, 4% to 25%; 15%.匹配到44空后的that is …amount。
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